Gurmukhi Alphabets or Punjab Alphabets

[megri]

Gurmukhi is the script used to write the Punjabi language, primarily in the Indian state of Punjab. Developed by Guru Angad Dev Ji, the second Sikh Guru, in the 16th century, Gurmukhi means "from the Guru's mouth." The script consists of 35 primary letters, starting with vowels and followed by consonants. It also includes additional letters for sounds borrowed from Persian and Arabic. Gurmukhi is phonetic, meaning words are written as they are pronounced, making it easier for learners. It plays a significant role in Sikh scriptures, such as the Guru Granth Sahib, and is widely used in Punjabi literature, media, and education.


Gurmukhi Alphabets:

1. Vowels (Swara):
   • ਅ (Ura)
   • ਆ (Aara)
   • ਇ (Iri)
   • ਈ (Iiri)
   • ਉ (Ura)
   • ਊ (Uuri)
   • ਏ (Era)
   • ਐ (Aira)
   • ਓ (Ora)
   • ਔ (Aura)
2. Consonants (Vyanjan):
   • ਕ (Kakka)
   • ਖ (Khakha)
   • ਗ (Gagga)
   • ਘ (Ghagha)
   • ਙ (Nga)
   • ਚ (Chacha)
   • ਛ (Chhachha)
   • ਜ (Jajja)
   • ਝ (Jhajha)
   • ਞ (Nya)
   • ਟ (Tainka)
   • ਠ (Thathha)
   • ਡ (Dadda)
   • ਢ (Dhadha)
   • ਣ (Nana)
   • ਤ (Tatta)
   • ਥ (Thattha)
   • ਦ (Dadda)
   • ਧ (Dhadha)
   • ਨ (Nanna)
   • ਪ (Pappa)
   • ਫ (Phapha)
   • ਬ (Babba)
   • ਭ (Bhabha)
   • ਮ (Mama)
   • ਯ (Yayya)
   • ਰ (Rara)
   • ਲ (Lalla)
   • ਵ (Vava)
   • ਸ਼ (Shasha)
   • ਸ (Sassa)
   • ਹ (Haha)
   • ਖ਼ (Khakha)
   • ਗ਼ (Ghagha)
   • ਜ਼ (Zaza)
   • ਫ਼ (Fafa)
   • ੲ (Iri)
   • ੳ (Ura)
   • ਲ਼ (Llla)
   • ੜ (Radda)

These are the primary alphabets used in the Punjabi language written in the Gurmukhi script. Feel free to ask if you need help with pronunciation or any specific letters!

Over the last few centuries, the Gurmukhi script and the Punjabi language have undergone some changes, though the core structure of the alphabet has remained largely intact.

Key Changes in Gurmukhi and Punjabi:

1. Inclusion of Loan Words:
   • With the influence of Persian, Arabic, and English, the Gurmukhi script adapted to accommodate new sounds. Additional letters like ਖ਼ (Khakha), ਗ਼ (Ghagha), ਜ਼ (Zaza), and ਫ਼ (Fafa) were introduced to represent sounds from these languages that didn't exist in traditional Punjabi.
2. Orthographic Changes:
   • While the Gurmukhi script has remained consistent in form, some minor orthographic (spelling) changes have occurred to reflect evolving pronunciation patterns and modern usage. For example, earlier spellings of certain words may have changed in modern Punjabi due to linguistic shifts over time.
3. Influence of Standardization:
   • In recent times, especially during the 20th century, efforts were made to standardize the Gurmukhi script in educational systems and official use. This helped formalize certain grammatical rules and spellings, which may have varied regionally or historically.
4. Grammar and Vocabulary:
   • The grammar of Punjabi has remained largely consistent, though vocabulary has evolved, especially with the introduction of modern technology, science, and new cultural influences. Many English words are now part of everyday Punjabi vocabulary, especially in urban areas.

Despite these changes, Gurmukhi has remained a relatively stable and consistent script, continuing to serve as the writing system for Punjabi while accommodating new linguistic needs.




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[harpreetkaur]

The Gurmukhi script is used for writing the Punjabi language and consists of 35 letters, with additional symbols for vowels and sounds. Here’s an overview of the Gurmukhi alphabet: Vowels (Swar):

1. ਅ (a)
2. ਆ (ā)
3. ਇ (i)
4. ਈ (ī)
5. ਉ (u)
6. ਊ (ū)
7. ਏ (e)
8. ਐ (ai)
9. ਓ (o)
10. ਔ (au)

Consonants (Vianjan):

1. ਕ (ka)
2. ਖ (kha)
3. ਗ (ga)
4. ਘ (gha)
5. ਙ (ṅa)
6. ਚ (ca)
7. ਛ (cha)
8. ਜ (ja)
9. ਝ (jha)
10. ਞ (ña)
11. ਟ (ṭa)
12. ਠ (ṭha)
13. ਡ (ḍa)
14. ਢ (ḍha)
15. ਣ (ṇa)
16. ਤ (ta)
17. ਥ (tha)
18. ਦ (da)
19. ਧ (dha)
20. ਨ (na)
21. ਪ (pa)
22. ਫ (pha)
23. ਬ (ba)
24. ਭ (bha)
25. ਮ (ma)
26. ਯ (ya)
27. ਰ (ra)
28. ਲ (la)
29. ਵ (va)
30. ਸ਼ (sha)
31. ਸ (sa)
32. ਹ (ha)
33. ਖ਼ (kha - used in loanwords)
34. ਗ਼ (gha - used in loanwords)
35. ੜ (ṛa)

Additional Symbols:

• Bindi (ਂ) and Tippi (ੰ): Represent nasal sounds.
• Visarga (ਃ): Used for aspiration or stress in certain words.
• Virama (੍): Represents the absence of a vowel after a consonant.
• Laga Matra (Vowel Diacritics): These marks modify the base consonants to indicate different vowels. They are placed above, below, or after the consonant.
  ਿ (I) as in ਸਿ (si)
  ੀ (ī) as in ਸੀ (sī)
  ੁ (u) as in ਸੁ (su)
  ੂ (ū) as in ਸੂ (sū)
  ੇ (e) as in ਸੇ (se)
  ੈ (ai) as in ਸੈ (sai)
  ੋ (o) as in ਸੋ (so)
  ੌ (au) as in ਸੌ (sau)
  Adhak (ੱ): Indicates the doubling of the following consonant sound, making it more emphatic, such as in the word ਸੱਤਾ (sattā), meaning "power."
  
  Nukta (਼): This small dot below a consonant changes its pronunciation, typically used for sounds borrowed from Persian or Arabic. For example:
  
  ਖ਼ (kha - pronounced with a guttural sound)
  ਗ਼ (gha)
  ਫ਼ (fa)
  Visarga (ਃ): Though rarely used, it indicates an aspirated sound and is seen in older texts.
  
  Chandra (੍): A diacritical mark that suppresses the inherent vowel 'a' in a consonant. It is used to indicate a consonant cluster without an intervening vowel.

This script is central to the Punjabi language and also used in Sikh religious texts.

[SwatiSood]

The Gurmukhi script is the writing system used for the Punjabi language, especially in the Indian state of Punjab. It has 35 basic letters and is an abugida, meaning each character typically represents a consonant with an inherent vowel sound that can be altered with diacritics.

Here are the Gurmukhi alphabets:

1. ਙ (nga) - Represents the sound [ŋ]
2. ਚ (cha) - Represents the sound [tʃ]
3. ਟ (ṭa) - Represents the sound [ʈ]
4. ਠ (ṭha) - Represents the sound [ʈʰ]
5. ਦ (da) - Represents the sound [d̪]
6. ਧ (dha) - Represents the sound [d̪ʰ]
7. ਨ (na) - Represents the sound [n̪]
8. ਪ (pa) - Represents the sound [p]
9. ਫ (pha) - Represents the sound [pʰ]
10. ਬ (ba) - Represents the sound [b]
11. ਭ (bha) - Represents the sound [bʰ]
12. ਮ (ma) - Represents the sound [m]
13. ਯ (ya) - Represents the sound [j]
14. ਰ (ra) - Represents the sound [ɾ]
15. ਲ (la) - Represents the sound [l]
16. ਵ (va) - Represents the sound [ʋ]
17. ਸ (sa) - Represents the sound [s]
18. ਹ (ha) - Represents the sound [h]
19. ਕ (ka) - Represents the sound [k]
20. ਖ (kha) - Represents the sound [kʰ]
21. ਗ (ga) - Represents the sound [g]
22. ਘ (gha) - Represents the sound [gʰ]
23. ਙ (nga) - Represents the sound [ŋ]
24. ਛ (cha) - Represents the sound [tʃ]
25. ਜ (ja) - Represents the sound [dʒ]
26. ਝ (jha) - Represents the sound [dʒʰ]
27. ਞ (nya) - Represents the sound [ɲ]
28. ਟ (ṭa) - Represents the sound [ʈ]
29. ਠ (ṭha) - Represents the sound [ʈʰ]
30. ਡ (ḍa) - Represents the sound [ɖ]
31. ਢ (ḍha) - Represents the sound [ɖʰ]
32. ਣ (ṇa) - Represents the sound [ɳ]
33. ਤ (ta) - Represents the sound [t̪]
34. ਥ (tha) - Represents the sound [t̪ʰ]
35. ਦ (da) - Represents the sound [d̪]
36. ਧ (dha) - Represents the sound [d̪ʰ]

Each letter in the Gurmukhi script can be combined with various diacritics to represent different vowel sounds and other phonetic nuances.

[neharani]

Gurmukhi is the script used for writing the Punjabi language, primarily spoken in the Punjab region of India and Pakistan. It was standardized by the second Sikh Guru, Guru Angad Dev Ji, in the 16th century. Here’s a brief overview of the Gurmukhi alphabets:

Gurmukhi Alphabets

1. Vowels (Swar)
   • ਅ (a)
   • ਆ (aa)
   • ਇ (i)
   • ਈ (ee)
   • ਉ (u)
   • ਊ (oo)
   • ਏ (e)
   • ਐ (ai)
   • ਓ (o)
   • ਔ (au)
2. Consonants (Vianjan)
   • ਕ (ka)
   • ਖ (kha)
   • ਗ (ga)
   • ਘ (gha)
   • ਙ (nga)
   • ਚ (cha)
   • ਛ (chha)
   • ਜ (ja)
   • ਝ (jha)
   • ਞ (nya)
   • ਟ (ṭa)
   • ਠ (ṭha)
   • ਡ (ḍa)
   • ਢ (ḍha)
   • ਣ (ṇa)
   • ਤ (ta)
   • ਥ (tha)
   • ਦ (da)
   • ਧ (dha)
   • ਨ (na)
   • ਪ (pa)
   • ਫ (pha)
   • ਬ (ba)
   • ਭ (bha)
   • ਮ (ma)
   • ਯ (ya)
   • ਰ (ra)
   • ਲ (la)
   • ਵ (va)
   • ਸ਼ (sha)
   • ਸ (sa)
   • ਹ (ha)
3. Additional Characters
   • ਲ਼ (ḷa)
   • ਋ (ri) (used in some old texts)
   • ਌ (lri) (rarely used)
4. Diacritical Marks
   • ਅ਼ (za)
   • ਽ (avagrah)

The Gurmukhi script is an abugida, where each character typically represents a consonant with an inherent vowel sound, and diacritical marks are used to modify the vowel sound or represent standalone vowels.